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dpkg

Display installed packages
dpkg --get-selections
Display files installed by a package
dpkg -L <package>
Display installed version of a package
dpkg -s <package>
Find package owner for a file
dpkg -S /bin/bash
Reinstall files from a package

May be needed when you delete a vanilla configuration file:

apt-get -o Dpkg::Options::="--force-confmiss" install --reinstall <package>